Jacobsen 1964: 494; Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Unrestricted noun stem. According to [Jacobsen 1964: 494], may be connected with the dependent verb stem =ˈapuʔ 'gray' and contain the prefix cʼ=.
Number:3
Word:bark
Washo:medugiptʼiʔ1
The Washo Project. Glossed as 'tree bark'. Unrestricted noun stem. Cf. medumˈamaʔ 'tree branch' [The Washo Project].
Jacobsen 1964: 165, 242, 460, 461; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Transitive verb stem. Erroneously transcribed in [Jacobsen 1958a: 14] as gˈiːtiʔ. Other sources such as [Jacobsen 1964] and [The Washo Project] agree on glottalized tʼ. Cf. the following example: gegˈiːtʼiʔi 'it's biting him' [Jacobsen 1964: 242]. Cf. the lexical prefix ʔle= (ʔle- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) 'by biting' [Jacobsen 1964: 524; Jacobsen 1958a: 14].
Number:8
Word:black
Washo:=ˈayaw #1
Jacobsen 1964: 332; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Dependent verb stem. Alternative candidates: =ˈinkin 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 336; Jacobsen 1958a: 6], =ˈipeš 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 338; Jacobsen 1958a: 6], =ˈicʼiš 'black' [Jacobsen 1964: 336; Jacobsen 1958a: 6]. The semantic difference between the four stems for 'black' is not known. We tentatively choose =ˈayaw because it is the only word for 'black' attested in [Kroeber 1907: 259, 299, 305, 312].
Number:9
Word:blood
Washo:=ˈašaŋ1
Jacobsen 1964: 432; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Restricted noun stem. Also functions as the intransitive verb stem 'to bleed' [Jacobsen 1964: 411].
Jacobsen 1964: 264; Jacobsen 1958a: 5. Glossed as 'chest'. Unrestricted noun stem. The transcription šˈuː in [Jacobsen 1958a] reflects automatic lengthening of word-final stressed vowels. Distinct from =ˈalaʔ 'woman's breast' [Jacobsen 1958a: 5].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Washo:d=ˈoŋa-ha #1
Jacobsen 1964: 289. Transitive verb stem. Morphological analysis: du= (du- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn / by fire or heat' [Jacobsen 1964: 281; Jacobsen 1958a: 14], =ˈaŋaʔ = dependent verb stem 'on, upon', -ha = 'causative'. Example: ga=d=ˈoŋa-ha 'burn it!' [Jacobsen 1964: 289]. There are other verbs that can be translated as 'to burn (tr.)': 1) d=otʼik-ha (du= = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn', =atʼik = dependent verb stem 'to kill, be killed, be hurt, harmed', -ha = 'causative'). Examples: gadˈotʼikhayˈašaʔi 'he will burn him', ledˈotʼikhayi 'it burned me' [The Washo Project]. d=otʼik-ha is ineligible because it requires an animate patient and apparently means 'hurt by burning' or 'kill by burning'; 2) d=ˈopoš-ha 'to burn (something) up' (du= = intransitive lexical prefix 'fire to burn', =ˈapuš = dependent verb stem 'gray', -ha = 'causative') [Jacobsen 1964: 585]. Examples: gadˈopošha 'burn it up!' [Jacobsen 1964: 359], dˈaŋal didˈopošhayˈašaʔi 'I will burn the house' [The Washo Project]. It is hard to choose between d=ˈoŋa-ha and d=ˈopoš-ha without a significant collection of Washo texts.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Washo:tul=ˈipiʔ1
Jacobsen 1964: 472; Jacobsen 1958a: 5. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Unrestricted noun stem. Morphological analysis: tul= = derivational prefix 'of the hand', =ˈipiʔ = restricted noun stem 'blanket' [Jacobsen 1964: 472]. The semantic evolution 'blanket of the hand' > 'fingernail' seems strange. Either the original meaning of =ˈipiʔ was something like 'covering' or the homonymy between 'fingernail' and 'blanket' is accidental. The former scenario is supported by the fact that the word tul=ˈicʼig 'finger' is also morphologically complex and can be analysed as 'stalk of the hand' (=ˈicʼig = restricted noun stem 'stem, stalk') [Jacobsen 1964: 472].
Jacobsen 1964: 541; Jacobsen 1958a: 12. Glossed as '(water in container) to be frozen, (object) to be cold, frozen, (person) to be frozen, freezing'. Intransitive verb stem. Secondary synonym: wˈɨhl 'cold' [Jacobsen 1958a: 12] (examples: wˈɨhli 'he's cold' [Jacobsen 1964: 238], diwˈɨhɨlegi 'I was very cold' [Jacobsen 1964: 632]).
Number:16
Word:come
Washo:=ˈiːbiʔ1
Jacobsen 1964: 379; Jacobsen 1958a: 13. Glossed as 'to have come'. Intransitive verb stem.
Number:17
Word:die
Washo:yˈuli1
Jacobsen 1964: 585. Intransitive verb stem.
Number:18
Word:dog
Washo:sˈukuʔ-1
Jacobsen 1964: 174; Jacobsen 1958a: 8. Unrestricted noun stem. An areal word, borrowed from one of the neighboring unrelated languages, cf. Wintu suku 'dog, horse', Nisenan sukku 'dog'. Secondary synonym: dewdˈecʼuweʔ 'dog' [Jacobsen 1958a: 8] (not attested in other sources).
Number:19
Word:drink
Washo:=ˈimeʔ1
Jacobsen 1964: 274; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Intransitive verb stem. Also functions as the restricted noun stem 'water' [Jacobsen 1964: 304].
Number:20
Word:dry
Washo:=ˈihukʼ1
Jacobsen 1964: 270; Jacobsen 1958a: 12. Glossed as 'to be dry'. Intransitive verb stem.
Jacobsen 1964: 286; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Transitive verb stem. Washo distinguishes between transitive and intransitive verbs for 'to eat'. Since diagnostic contexts for this element of the Swadesh list include both transitive and intransitive usage, we list both verbs as synonyms.
Number:23
Word:eat
Washo:=ˈemlu2
Jacobsen 1964: 289; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Intransitive verb stem. Also functions as a restricted noun stem 'food' [Jacobsen 1964: 328]. Irregular reduplication in the plural form mˈu=mlu (**lˈu=mlu would be expected) indicates the possible affixal nature of -l- [Jacobsen 1964: 328-329].
Jacobsen 1964: 492; Jacobsen 1958a: 4. Unrestricted noun stem. Morphological analysis: w= is a unique derivational noun prefix, =ˈiːgi is the transitive and dependent verb stem 'to see, sense' q.v.
Jacobsen 1964: 441. Analysed by Jacobsen [ibid.] as consisting of the first person prefix le= (le- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) and the pronoun stem =ˈi.
Number:43
Word:kill
Washo:=ˈatg #1
Jacobsen 1964: 377; Jacobsen 1958a: 14. Polysemy: 'to kill / be killed / be hurt, harmed'. Neutral verb stem. As a dependent verb stem (i.e. after lexical prefixes) also has the allomorph =ˈatʼig. Cf. =ˈaːbaš 'to kill (plural)' (dependent verb stem) [Jacobsen 1964: 287]. Alternative candidate: yˈuli-ha 'to kill' (transitive verb stem) [Jacobsen 1964: 545], derived from yˈuli- 'to die' with the causative suffix -ha.
The Washo Project. Unrestricted noun stem. Morphological structure is unclear. Could gum- possibly be a fossilized form of the prefix gum= ~ m̥= 'impersonal possessor' [Jacobsen 1964: 429]?
Number:58
Word:neck
Washo:tˈoʔo1
Jacobsen 1964: 265; Jacobsen 1958a: 4. Glossed as 'neck (front)' in [Jacobsen 1958a: 4], 'throat' in [Jacobsen 1964: 265]. Unrestricted noun stem. Washo apparently does not have a general term for 'neck', using instead two terms: tˈoʔo for 'front of neck / throat' and =ˈiːbu for 'back of neck / nape'. We enter both terms as quasi-synonyms.
Number:58
Word:neck
Washo:=ˈiːbu2
Jacobsen 1964: 411; Jacobsen 1958a: 4. Glossed as 'neck (back)' in [Jacobsen 1958a: 4], 'nape, back of neck' in [Jacobsen 1964: 411]. Restricted noun stem.
Number:59
Word:new
Washo:tˈešlutʼiʔ #1
Jacobsen 1964: 104; The Washo Project. Glossed as 'young' in [Jacobsen 1964], but as 'new / young' in [The Washo Project]. The word is transcribed as tˈeslutʼiʔ in [The Washo Project], but the accompanying sound files on the site leave no doubt that the word is pronounced with š, not s.
Number:60
Word:night
Washo:lˈelm1
Jacobsen 1964: 638; Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Glossed in [Jacobsen 1964: 638] as 'night, at night'. Unrestricted noun stem.
Jacobsen 1958a: 6, 10; Jacobsen 1958b: 202. Polysemy: 'sinew / root'. Restricted noun stem. The word memˈiːdewiʔ 'root' [Jacobsen 1958a: 10] is evidently related, but its proper morphological segmentation is not known.
Number:69
Word:round (3D)
Washo:=ˈalbul1
Jacobsen 1964: 329. Glossed as 'spherical'. Dependent verb stem. The word for 'round (2D)' is not known.
Jacobsen 1964: 344. Glossed as 'little, small'. Adjectival stem. In [The Washo Project], the following forms are listed: ʒi=yˈe:ʒi 'little, small', be=heʒi-ŋ 'little, small', be=hˈenu-ŋ 'small, little', be=hˈenuʒi-ŋ 'tiny / small / a little bit', be=hˈeluʒi-ŋ 'small'. The first two of these words are formed from the stem =hˈeːʒi. The remaining forms may also be related if =he- and -ʒi- in =hˈeːʒi are, in fact, separate morphemes.
Jacobsen 1958a: 13; Jacobsen 1980: 98. Glossed as '(singular) to stand'. Intransitive verb stem. Cf. =ˈaːhu intransitive verb stem '(plural) to stand' [Jacobsen 1964: 262; Jacobsen 1958a: 13].
Number:80
Word:star
Washo:da=w=maʔlˈosaŋ1
Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Quoted in [The Washo Project] as dewmelˈosuŋ. Unrestricted noun stem. The word probably contains the nominalizing prefix de= (de- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation) and the static prefix w=, but the rest of the stem cannot be analysed. W. Jacobsen [Jacobsen 1958a: 7] tentatively compares this word with =ˈasaŋ 'red'.
Jacobsen 1964: 504; Jacobsen 1958a: 8. Washo has a ternary demonstrative system: wˈiː-di- ~ wˈi- 'this' vs. dˈiː-di- 'that (near you)' vs. hˈaː-di- 'that / he, she, it'.
Number:86
Word:this
Washo:wˈiː-di- ~ wˈi-1
Jacobsen 1964: 504; Jacobsen 1958a: 8. Washo has a ternary demonstrative system: wˈiː-di- ~ wˈi- 'this' vs. dˈiː-di- 'that (near you)' vs. hˈaː-di- 'that / he, she, it'.
Number:87
Word:thou
Washo:mˈiː1
Jacobsen 1964: 441. Glossed as 'you (sg.)'. Analysed by Jacobsen [ibid.] as consisting of the second person prefix m= and the pronoun stem =ˈi.
Number:88
Word:tongue
Washo:m̥ˈaːdud1
Jacobsen 1958a: 4; Jacobsen 1958b: 203. Unrestricted noun stem. It is not excluded that initial m̥- is historically a prefix, identical with gum= ~ m̥= 'impersonal possessor'.
Jacobsen 1958a: 6, 12. Polysemy: 'red / hot'. Dependent verb stem. Distinct from =ˈakʼaš 'warm' [Jacobsen 1958a: 12]. Both words are glossed as 'hot' in [Jacobsen 1958a: 12], but abundant examples in [The Washo Project] show that =ˈasaŋ means 'hot' whereas =ˈakʼaš means 'warm'.
Number:94
Word:water
Washo:=ˈimeʔ1
Jacobsen 1964: 304; Jacobsen 1958a: 6. Restricted noun stem. Also functions as the intransitive verb stem 'to drink'.
Number:95
Word:we
Washo:lˈe-w1
Jacobsen 1964: 443. Analysed by Jacobsen [ibid.] as consisting of the first person prefix le= (le- in Jacobsen's morphophonemic notation), pronoun stem =ˈi, and personal plural suffix -w. Dual form: lˈe-ši.
Number:96
Word:what
Washo:hˈuŋa ~ ʔˈuŋa1
Jacobsen 1964: 174, 588, 639, 645, 646. Polysemy: 'what / how'. The following variant forms for 'what' are quoted in [The Washo Project]: hˈutaŋa, hˈotaŋa, hˈutʼaŋa, huteŋa, huŋate. All these forms usually occur in examples with the interrogative suffix -hˈeːš.
Jacobsen 1958a: 8. Cf. also the suffix -lˈelew 'near', e.g. dˈiʔyu-lˈelew 'near the fire', le-lˈelew 'near me' [Jacobsen 1964: 502-503].
Number:104
Word:salt
Washo:ʔuŋˈaːbi-1
Jacobsen 1964: 84; Jacobsen 1958a: 11. Unrestricted noun stem. An obvious borrowing from the Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan, cf. especially Northern Paiute oŋa-pi 'salt'. The Numic word goes back to proto-Uto-Aztecan *ʔoːŋa 'salt' and has the Numic suffix -pi, so the direction of borrowing is from Numic into Washo.
Number:105
Word:short
Washo:=ˈiškuš #1
Jacobsen 1964: 341; Jacobsen 1958a: 12. Dependent verb stem. In [Jacobsen 1958a: 12], two more ways to render the meaning 'short' are mentioned: verb stem =ˈitdu(ʔ) and expressions with dˈaːwaʔ 'near'. Examples of these expressions are dˈaːwaʔ dagˈoːgaʔ 'short (rope, snake, belt, string)' and dˈaːwaʔ dawdˈaŋaʔ 'short (stick, person)' [The Washo Project].
Number:106
Word:snake
Washo:mˈaʔkiʔ #1
Jacobsen 1964: 102. Glossed as 'rattlesnake'. Quoted (with apparently erroneous transcription) as mˈakʼiʔ 'rattlesnake / snake' in [The Washo Project]. Unrestricted noun stem. It is not clear whether Washo really has a generic term for 'snake'.
Number:107
Word:thin
Washo:=ˈilsil #1
Jacobsen 1980: 89. Dependent verb stem. In [Jacobsen 1964: 174], the form ʔlˈu=pdeb-i 'it's thin' is also quoted (ʔlu= is the lexical prefix 'texture, density' [Jacobsen 1980: 90]).
Number:108
Word:wind
Washo:de=gˈiʔim #1
Jacobsen 1964: 249; Jacobsen 1958a: 7. Unrestricted noun stem. Alternative candidates: de=we=skʼˈiʔim (glossed as 'wind' in [Jacobsen 1958a: 7], but as 'cold wind' in [Jacobsen 1964: 103]); we=skʼˈiʔim 'wind' [The Washo Project].